{"id":6123,"date":"2015-06-01T13:40:06","date_gmt":"2015-06-01T17:40:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/igrundun.wordpress.com\/?p=6123"},"modified":"2019-02-18T23:18:31","modified_gmt":"2019-02-18T23:18:31","slug":"hvadan-sprettur-united-church-of-christ","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/2015\/06\/01\/hvadan-sprettur-united-church-of-christ\/","title":{"rendered":"Hva\u00f0an sprettur United Church of Christ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Upphaf si\u00f0breytingarinnar \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu er oft tengd vi\u00f0\u00a0ungan munk a\u00f0 negla m\u00f3tm\u00e6laskjal \u00ed 95 li\u00f0um \u00e1 kirkjuhur\u00f0 \u00ed sm\u00e1b\u00e6num s\u00ednum. Vissulega var m\u00f3tm\u00e6laskjali\u00f0 merkilegt, en bo\u00f0 um a\u00f0 taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum r\u00f6kr\u00e6\u00f0um um hlutverk n\u00e1\u00f0arinnar og \u00e1herslur \u00ed kirkjustarfi hef\u00f0i l\u00edklega ekki breytt kristnihaldi \u00e1 heimsv\u00edsu ef a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur hef\u00f0u ekki veri\u00f0 r\u00e9ttar.<\/p>\n

Si\u00f0breytingin var fj\u00f6l\u00fe\u00e6tt ferli og \u00e1tti s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fdmsum v\u00edgst\u00f6\u00f0vum \u00e1 svipu\u00f0um t\u00edma. Gagnr\u00fdni L\u00fathers snerist fyrst og fremst um gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i og enska biskupakirkjan var\u00f0 til upp \u00far deilum um \u00e1hrifavald p\u00e1fast\u00f3ls \u00e1 Englandi. \u00cd Genf var\u00a0\u00fea\u00f0 n\u00fdm\u00f3tu\u00f0 borgarast\u00e9tt sem snerist\u00a0gegn kirkjuvaldi R\u00f3mar, a\u00f0 undirlagi\u00a0l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingsins Kalv\u00edn.<\/p>\n

Gagnr\u00fdni L\u00fathers var m\u00f6gnu\u00f0 upp af konungum, prinsum og furstum \u00ed Nor\u00f0ur Evr\u00f3pu, sem s\u00e1u t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til a\u00f0 losna undan valdi R\u00f3mar og n\u00e1 undir sig tr\u00faarlegum stofnunum. \u00deannig breyttist kirkjan \u00e1 \u00feessu sv\u00e6\u00f0i fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vera \u00fatib\u00fa al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0astofnunar \u00ed a\u00f0 vera r\u00edkiskirkja undir stj\u00f3rn konungsvaldsins. \u00dej\u00f3nustustofnun konungsins\u00a0\u00e1 svi\u00f0i tr\u00fam\u00e1la. Svipu\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3un var\u00f0\u00a0\u00ed Englandi. \u00cd Genf var\u00f0\u00a0kirkjan hins vegar verkf\u00e6ri hinnar n\u00fdju borgarast\u00e9ttar, nokkurs konar dygg\u00f0asvipa \u00fear sem framleg\u00f0 var\u00f0 me\u00f0 t\u00edmanum m\u00e6likvar\u00f0i \u00e1 tr\u00faarhita. Anabaptistar Ni\u00f0urlanda eru utan m\u00edns \u00e1hugasvi\u00f0s a\u00f0 mestu, en \u00fear vir\u00f0ist a\u00f0al\u00e1herslan hafa sn\u00faist um hver \u00fea\u00f0 var sem tilheyr\u00f0i h\u00f3pnum og hver st\u00f3\u00f0 fyrir utan, sem au\u00f0vita\u00f0 var ein meginspurningin\u00a0\u00ed allri\u00a0\u00feessari tr\u00faargerjun \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu.<\/p>\n

\u00c1herslur L\u00father, Kalv\u00edn og Hinrik VIII ur\u00f0u ekki til \u00ed t\u00f3mar\u00fami og \u00fe\u00e6r lif\u00f0u ekki \u00ed einangrun. Kenningar bl\u00f6ndu\u00f0ust og ger\u00f0u f\u00f3lki \u00e1 stundum erfitt um vik a\u00f0 vita hver m\u00e1tti vera\u00a0me\u00f0 og hver st\u00f3\u00f0 utan h\u00f3ps. Sem svar vi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed komu \u00e1 sj\u00f3narsvi\u00f0i\u00f0 r\u00e9tttr\u00fana\u00f0arhreyfingar, sem var s\u00ed\u00f0an m\u00e6tt af p\u00edet\u00edskum h\u00f3pum (hreintr\u00faarhreyfingum). \u00dear sem \u00f6nnur lag\u00f0i \u00e1herslu \u00e1 r\u00e9ttan lestrarskilning me\u00f0an hin horf\u00f0i til r\u00e9ttrar\u00a0upplifunar. \u00deegar einstakir h\u00f3par k\u00f6llu\u00f0u \u00e1 helgisi\u00f0ar\u00e9tttr\u00fana\u00f0 komu \u00e1 sj\u00f3narsvi\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0rir h\u00f3par sem h\u00f6fnu\u00f0u \u00f6llu prj\u00e1li og hittust \u00ed litlum samkomuh\u00fasum \u00e1n nokkurra helgimynda.<\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0skilna\u00f0ur Hinriks VIII vi\u00f0 p\u00e1fast\u00f3l var ekki eina kirkjulega \u00f3kyrr\u00f0in \u00e1 Bretlandseyjum \u00e1 t\u00edma si\u00f0breytingarinnar. L\u00edkt og \u00ed Genf var borgarast\u00e9ttin a\u00f0 styrkjast, auk \u00feess sem spenna milli kat\u00f3likka og ensku biskupakirkjunnar, leiddu til \u00fer\u00f3unar \u00fdmissa ja\u00f0arh\u00f3pa. Einn sl\u00edkur h\u00f3pur var kalla\u00f0ur\u00a0p\u00faritanar sem leitu\u00f0ust vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 ey\u00f0a \u00f6llum kat\u00f3lskum \u00e1hrifum \u00far kirkjul\u00edfi ensku biskupakirkjunnar. \u00deeim var ekki\u00a0m\u00e6tt af skilningi innan eigin kirkjudeildar, enda \u00f6gru\u00f0u \u00feeir valdast\u00e9ttum me\u00f0 hugmyndum um aukin v\u00f6ld leikmanna og sj\u00e1lfd\u00e6mi safna\u00f0a \u00ed eigin m\u00e1lum. P\u00faritanar leitu\u00f0u \u00ed smi\u00f0ju Kalv\u00edns til a\u00f0 undirbyggja gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i s\u00edna og voru \u00e1 stundum \u00ed n\u00e1num tengslum vi\u00f0 \u00f6ldungakirkjuna (presbyterian) \u00ed Skotlandi.<\/p>\n

H\u00f3par p\u00faritana h\u00e9ldu vestur um haf til Amer\u00edku \u00ed lok 17. og \u00ed upphafi 18. aldar og t\u00f3ku \u00fear virkan \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed frumm\u00f3tun bandar\u00edsks samf\u00e9lags, til g\u00f3\u00f0s og ills. F\u00f3lki\u00f0 sem haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 kalla\u00f0\u00a0p\u00faritanar til a\u00f0 gera gys a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f6rf \u00feeirra fyrir a\u00f0 hreinsa allt illt \u00far samf\u00e9laginu, m\u00f3ta\u00f0i kirkjul\u00edfi\u00f0 \u00ed n\u00fdja landinu sem bygg\u00f0i \u00e1 l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i og leikmannavaldi, sem \u00fea\u00f0 kalla\u00f0i congregationalism.<\/p>\n

Me\u00f0 aukinni \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0erniskennd \u00ed Pr\u00fasslandi, kom fram sterk \u00fe\u00f6rf \u00e1 a\u00f0 sameina l\u00fathersku kirkjuna og reformertu\u00a0kirkjuna (Kalv\u00edn). Sigur Nap\u00f3leons \u00e1 Pr\u00fassum \u00ed upphafi 19. aldar var\u00f0 \u00e1falli\u00f0 sem kalla\u00f0i\u00a0\u00e1 sameina\u00f0a pr\u00fassneska \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkju. \u00cd kj\u00f6lfar \u00feess a\u00f0 Pr\u00fassar losnu\u00f0u undan Fr\u00f6kkum, h\u00f3fst Fri\u00f0rik Vilhj\u00e1lmur III Pr\u00fassakeisari handa vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 sameina l\u00fathersku og reformertu kirkjurnar \u00ed eitt, sem ger\u00f0ist me\u00f0 formlegum h\u00e6tti 1817.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00fassar h\u00e9ldu einnig yfir til n\u00fdja landsins, \u00fe\u00f3 flestir f\u00e6ru nokkru s\u00ed\u00f0ar en p\u00faritanarnir. Me\u00f0 \u00ed f\u00f6r var sameinu\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkja Pr\u00fasslands, sem f\u00e9kk \u00e1 endanum heiti\u00f0 The Evangelical and Reformed Church. Reyndar er vert a\u00f0 nefna a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fdskum\u00e6landi l\u00fatherskar og reformertar kirkjur \u00ed n\u00fdja heiminum h\u00f6f\u00f0u sameinast um h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0i og jafnvel pr\u00e9dikara allt fr\u00e1 upphafi 18. aldar.<\/p>\n

United Church of Christ (UCC) var\u00f0 til 1957 me\u00f0 sameiningu fj\u00f6lmargra m\u00f3tm\u00e6lendakirkja, \u00fear sem st\u00e6rstu greinarnar voru annars vegar fyrrum pr\u00fassneska \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkjan og congregationalistar sem\u00a0rekja upphaf sitt til p\u00faritananna svok\u00f6llu\u00f0u \u00ed Englandi.\u00a0\u00der\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 sameiningin hafi \u00e1tt s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 fyrir 58 \u00e1rum, \u00fe\u00e1 m\u00e1 geta \u00feess a\u00f0 einungis um 100 metra sunnan vi\u00f0 Pilgrim Congregational UCC \u00ed Tremont hverfinu, er \u00f6nnur UCC kirkja enn starfandi sem \u00e1 uppruna sinn \u00ed reformertu hef\u00f0inni. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 s\u00f3knarb\u00f6rn \u00fear s\u00e9u einungis 12 eftir og oft ekki nema 6 \u00ed gu\u00f0s\u00fej\u00f3nustu \u00e1 sunnud\u00f6gum, \u00fe\u00e1 telja \u00feau sig ekki eiga samlei\u00f0 me\u00f0 Pilgrim \u00ed lj\u00f3si \u00f3l\u00edkra hef\u00f0a og uppruna.<\/p>\n

UCC er enda fyrst og fremst kirknasamband, vettvangur fyrir s\u00f6fnu\u00f0i til a\u00f0 eiga \u00ed formlegu samtali, f\u00e1 r\u00e1\u00f0gj\u00f6f og a\u00f0sto\u00f0. \u00deannig eru \u00e1liktanir a\u00f0alfunda UCC ekki bindandi fyrir einstaka s\u00f6fnu\u00f0i. \u00c1hersla kirkjunnar \u00e1 samf\u00e9lagsleg r\u00e9ttindi og bar\u00e1tta kirkjunnar fyrir r\u00e9ttindum samkynhneig\u00f0ra endurspegla \u00feannig fyrst og fremst hugmyndir meirihluta \u00feeirra sem koma \u00e1 a\u00f0alfund UCC og m\u00f3tar \u00fej\u00f3nustu\u00e1herslur a\u00f0alskrifstofu kirkjunnar sem er sta\u00f0sett h\u00e9r \u00ed Cleveland, Ohio en er ekki \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 m\u00f3ta stefnu einstakra safna\u00f0a sem \u00f6llum ber a\u00f0 fylgja.<\/p>\n

\u00deessi skilningur \u00e1 hlutverk UCC sem kirknasambandi veldur \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 enginn getur tala\u00f0 fyrir h\u00f6nd UCC \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum. \u00deannig m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 a\u00f0alskrifstofan og a\u00f0alfundur hafi \u00ed besta falli \u00e1hrifavald, en ekkert raunverulegt \u00e1kvar\u00f0anavald.<\/p>\n

H\u00e9r er \u00e1hugavert a\u00f0 velta fyrir s\u00e9r a\u00f0 hvort a\u00f0 skortur \u00e1 raunverulegum v\u00f6ldum hafi \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 hvers kyns einstaklingar veljast til \u00e1byrg\u00f0arhlutverka innan UCC, sem g\u00e6ti aftur \u00fatsk\u00fdrt hvers vegna opinber afsta\u00f0a UCC eins og h\u00fan birtist \u00ed a\u00f0alfundar\u00e1liktunum er jafnfrj\u00e1lslynd og raun ber vitni.<\/p>\n

Sj\u00e1lfsvitund og saga UCC er fj\u00f6l\u00fe\u00e6tt og UCC sem heild \u00e1 s\u00e9r ekki eitt upprunaland e\u00f0a sv\u00e6\u00f0i me\u00f0 jafnsk\u00fdrum h\u00e6tti og margar a\u00f0rar hef\u00f0bundnar kirkjudeildir \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum. Uppruninn tilheyr\u00f0i kirkjudeildunum sem voru lag\u00f0ar ni\u00f0ur 1957. \u00de\u00e1 m\u00e1 geta \u00feess a\u00f0 einungis um helmingur \u00feeirra sem s\u00e6kja UCC kirkjur eru f\u00e6ddir og uppaldir innan kirkjudeildarinnar.<\/p>\n

\u00cd dag tilheyra um 1.000.000 Bandar\u00edkjamanna UCC s\u00f6fnu\u00f0i. Skv. Pew Research Center<\/a>\u00a0hefur hlutfallslega\u00a0f\u00e6kka\u00f0 mest \u00ed 30-49 \u00e1ra aldursh\u00f3pnum \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu 7 \u00e1rum og r\u00edflega 60% kirkjume\u00f0lima eru konur. \u00cd samanbur\u00f0i vi\u00f0 a\u00f0rar kirkudeildir hefur UCC\u00a0hva\u00f0 h\u00e6st hlutfall \u00feeirra sem loki\u00f0 hafa h\u00e1sk\u00f3lagr\u00e1\u00f0um, en jafnframt n\u00e6st h\u00e6st hlutfall \u00feeirra sem hafa einv\u00f6r\u00f0ungu loki\u00f0 grunnsk\u00f3lan\u00e1mi e\u00f0a minna. \u00de\u00e1 er h\u00f3pur \u00feeirra sem hefur teki\u00f0 eitthva\u00f0 h\u00e1sk\u00f3lan\u00e1m \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 kl\u00e1ra \u00e1berandi f\u00e1mennur \u00ed h\u00f3pi UCC f\u00f3lks.<\/p>\n

Hlutfall svartra hefur\u00a0aukist verulega \u00ed UCC \u00e1 li\u00f0num \u00e1rum, fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vera 4% me\u00f0lima 2007 \u00ed a\u00f0 vera 8% \u00ed dag, en fj\u00f6lgunin nemur\u00a0um 30 \u00fe\u00fasund einstaklingum.<\/p>\n

Tveimur tekjuh\u00f3pum hefur fj\u00f6lga\u00f0 nokku\u00f0 \u00ed UCC \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu 7 \u00e1rum annars vegar \u00feeim me\u00f0 tekjur undir $30.000 \u00e1 \u00e1ri (\u00far 27% \u00ed 31%) og \u00feeim sem hafa tekjur yfir $100.000 \u00e1 \u00e1ri (\u00far 18% \u00ed 29%).\u00a0\u00deetta er \u00e1hugavert \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed lj\u00f3si a\u00f0 47% h\u00f6f\u00f0u tekjur undir $50.000 b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1rin, 2007 og 2014. \u00deetta r\u00fdmar\u00a0vi\u00f0 meinta \u00fer\u00f3un \u00ed samf\u00e9laginu \u00ed heild, \u00fe.e. a\u00f0 laun l\u00e1glaunaf\u00f3lks fari l\u00e6kkandi en laun h\u00e1launaf\u00f3lks fari h\u00e6kkandi.<\/p>\n

L\u00edkt og a\u00f0rar hef\u00f0bundnar kirkjudeildir hefur f\u00e6kka\u00f0 verulega \u00ed UCC \u00e1 undanf\u00f6rnum \u00e1ratugum. T\u00f6lum\u00a0kirkjunnar sj\u00e1lfrar um breytingar \u00e1 me\u00f0limafj\u00f6lda og uppl\u00fdsingum Pew Research Center ber saman um a\u00f0 fr\u00e1 2007 hafi me\u00f0limum UCC f\u00e6kka\u00f0 um n\u00e6r 20%. \u00deessi \u00fer\u00f3un er ekki n\u00fd af n\u00e1linni. Fr\u00e1 stofnun kirkjudeildarinnar 1957 hefur f\u00e6kka\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0ugt \u00ed kirkjunni sbr. mynd.<\/p>\n

\"\"H\u00e9r s\u00fdnir bl\u00e1a l\u00ednan fj\u00f6lda s\u00f6fnu\u00f0a, rau\u00f0a l\u00ednan t\u00e1knar fj\u00f6lda me\u00f0lima \u00ed \u00fe\u00fasundum, gula l\u00ednan stendur fyrir \u00fe\u00e1tttakendur \u00ed fr\u00e6\u00f0slustarfi \u00ed \u00fe\u00fasundum og gr\u00e6na l\u00ednan tekjur kirkjunnar \u00ed millj\u00f3num dollara.<\/em><\/p>\n

Um 0,3% Bandar\u00edkjamanna tilheyra UCC kirkju samkv\u00e6mt Pew Research Center og opinberum t\u00f6lum kirkjudeildarinnar. Kirkjan er \u00feannig ein s\u00fa minnsta af hef\u00f0bundnu kirkjudeildunum. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir \u00fe\u00e1 st\u00f6\u00f0u og a\u00f0 allt \u00e1kvar\u00f0anavald liggi \u00ed s\u00f6fnu\u00f0unum sj\u00e1lfum, hefur kirkjudeildinni tekist a\u00f0 skapa s\u00e9r s\u00e9rst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed kirkjul\u00edfi h\u00e9r \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum, me\u00f0 skilabo\u00f0um um r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ti \u00f6llum til\u00a0handa og sk\u00fdrri afst\u00f6\u00f0u me\u00f0 bar\u00e1ttu samkynhneig\u00f0ra fyrir vi\u00f0urkenningu og r\u00e9ttindum til hj\u00f3nabands.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Upphaf si\u00f0breytingarinnar \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu er oft tengd vi\u00f0\u00a0ungan munk a\u00f0 negla m\u00f3tm\u00e6laskjal \u00ed 95 li\u00f0um \u00e1 kirkjuhur\u00f0 \u00ed sm\u00e1b\u00e6num s\u00ednum. Vissulega var m\u00f3tm\u00e6laskjali\u00f0 merkilegt, en bo\u00f0 um a\u00f0 taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum r\u00f6kr\u00e6\u00f0um um hlutverk n\u00e1\u00f0arinnar og \u00e1herslur \u00ed kirkjustarfi hef\u00f0i l\u00edklega ekki breytt kristnihaldi \u00e1 heimsv\u00edsu ef a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur hef\u00f0u ekki veri\u00f0 r\u00e9ttar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"wds_primary_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[29,76,89,90,97,98,105,118,127,145,154,158],"class_list":["post-6123","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-islenska","tag-church","tag-growth","tag-injustice","tag-interfaith","tag-leadership","tag-lgbtqi","tag-mission","tag-politics","tag-religion","tag-state-church","tag-theology","tag-unity"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6123","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6123"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6123\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6123"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6123"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6123"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}