{"id":5283,"date":"2013-11-06T14:06:04","date_gmt":"2013-11-06T18:06:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/igrundun.wordpress.com\/?p=5283"},"modified":"2013-11-06T14:06:04","modified_gmt":"2013-11-06T18:06:04","slug":"fraedslumal-i-kirkjuskipan-kristjans-iii-thankar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/2013\/11\/06\/fraedslumal-i-kirkjuskipan-kristjans-iii-thankar\/","title":{"rendered":"Fr\u00e6\u00f0slum\u00e1l \u00ed Kirkjuskipan Kristj\u00e1ns III – \u00feankar"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00dea\u00f0 er \u00e1hugavert \u00feegar kirkjuskipanin er sko\u00f0u\u00f0 hvernig hagsmunir r\u00edkjandi valdakerfis \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, komu \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 Danakonungur g\u00e6ti byggt upp menntakerfi \u00ed landinu \u00e1 16. \u00f6ld. \u00deannig m\u00e1 \u00e6tla a\u00f0 r\u00edkjandi valdast\u00e9ttir \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00e1 16. \u00f6ld hafi seinka\u00f0 uppbyggingu samf\u00e9lagsins \u00e1 \u00cdslandi e.t.v. um nokkrar aldir \u00ed tilraun sinni til a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda r\u00edkjandi \u00e1standi.<\/em><\/p>\n

Kirkjuskipun Kristj\u00e1ns III. var gefin \u00fat \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn 1537. Kirkjuskipunin \u00e1tti a\u00f0 n\u00e1 \u00fat um allt danska r\u00edki\u00f0 og vera grunnur a\u00f0 uppt\u00f6ku l\u00fathersks si\u00f0ar. H\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir gef \u00e9g stutt yfirlit yfir \u00feann hluta skipunarinnar sem l\u00fdtur a\u00f0 fr\u00e6\u00f0slum\u00e1lum og \u00e1hrifum hennar \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Til \u00feess mun \u00e9g sko\u00f0a umhverfi \u00fea\u00f0 sem skipunin sprettur \u00far, hva\u00f0 kirkjuskipunin segir og aflei\u00f0ingar hennar \u00e1 \u00cdslandi.<\/p>\n

Umhverfi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nor\u00f0ur-Evr\u00f3pa<\/em><\/p>\n

Upphaf sext\u00e1ndu aldar var t\u00edmi mikilla breytinga \u00ed evr\u00f3psku umhverfi. Uppg\u00f6tvun Amer\u00edku, uppgangur prentt\u00e6kninnar og kostna\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 rekstur p\u00e1fast\u00f3ls k\u00f6llu\u00f0u \u00e1 endursko\u00f0un \u00e1 r\u00edkjandi samf\u00e9lagskerfi. Fjarl\u00e6g\u00f0 fr\u00e1 p\u00e1faveldi R\u00f3mar og veik sta\u00f0a \u00de\u00fdskalandskeisara sk\u00f6pu\u00f0u a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur fyrir fursta sm\u00e1r\u00edkja \u00ed Nor\u00f0ur-Evr\u00f3pu til a\u00f0 kalla \u00e1 endursko\u00f0un r\u00edkjandi \u00e1stands.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 var \u00ed \u00feessu umhverfi sem Marteinn L\u00father, vel studdur af nokkrum furstum sm\u00e1r\u00edkja, h\u00f3f si\u00f0b\u00f3t s\u00edna sem reyndist a\u00f0 lokum ekki vera si\u00f0b\u00f3t heldur si\u00f0breyting \u00ed st\u00f3rum hluta Nor\u00f0ur-Evr\u00f3pu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Danaveldi<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Danar\u00edki var v\u00ed\u00f0fermt \u00ed upphafi 16. aldar og n\u00e1\u00f0i um allt \u00fea\u00f0 sv\u00e6\u00f0i sem n\u00fa kallast nor\u00f0url\u00f6nd. Um 1520 risu a\u00f0alsmenn \u00ed Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 upp og klufu sig \u00far r\u00edkinu. G\u00fastaf Vasa var\u00f0 konungur \u00ed Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 og l\u00e9t l\u00f6gtaka \u00fear l\u00fatherskan si\u00f0 1527 og styrkti me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed fj\u00e1rhagsst\u00f6\u00f0u Sv\u00edar\u00edkis.<\/p>\n

\u00cd Danm\u00f6rku deildu Kristj\u00e1n II. og Fri\u00f0rik I. S\u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0arnefndi haf\u00f0i betur og var \u00fe\u00e1 skori\u00f0 \u00e1 tengsl a\u00f0 mestu vi\u00f0 p\u00e1faveldi. Vi\u00f0 l\u00e1t Fri\u00f0riks I., r\u00e9tt eftir 1530, komu deilurnar aftur upp \u00e1 yfirbor\u00f0i\u00f0. Kristj\u00e1n II freista\u00f0i \u00feess a\u00f0 n\u00e1 v\u00f6ldum en en sonur Fri\u00f0riks, Kristj\u00e1n III., haf\u00f0i betur. \u00cd kj\u00f6lfar \u00feess tekinn upp l\u00faterskur si\u00f0ur me\u00f0 kirkjuskipuninni sem h\u00e9r er til umfj\u00f6llunar.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00cdsland<\/em><\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0 lok fimmt\u00e1ndu og upphaf sext\u00e1ndu aldar haf\u00f0i mikil au\u00f0s\u00f6fnun \u00e1tti s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 hj\u00e1 kirkjunni \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, enda kirkjan ekki h\u00e1\u00f0 pestum og s\u00f3ttardau\u00f0a og gat \u00fev\u00ed keypt upp jar\u00f0ir \u00feeirra sem l\u00e9tust \u00ed pl\u00e1gum fimmt\u00e1ndu aldar. \u00deannig \u00e1tti kirkjan um 40% allra jar\u00f0a \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1540-1550.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stj\u00f3rnkerfi\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi var ekki mj\u00f6g fl\u00f3ki\u00f0, d\u00f3msvald var \u00ed h\u00f6ndum tveggja l\u00f6gmanna, en framkv\u00e6mdavald \u00ed h\u00f6ndum hir\u00f0stj\u00f3ra og s\u00fdslumanna. Allt l\u00f6ggjafarvald var \u00ed h\u00f6ndum konungs, sem einnig skipa\u00f0i hir\u00f0stj\u00f3rana, yfirmenn framkv\u00e6mdavaldsins.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kirkjan mynda\u00f0i s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 m\u00f3tv\u00e6gi vi\u00f0 \u00feetta stj\u00f3rnkerfi konungs. R\u00e9tt er a\u00f0 taka fram a\u00f0 yfirleitt s\u00e1tu erlendir menn b\u00e6\u00f0i sem biskupar og sem hir\u00f0stj\u00f3rar. \u00de\u00f3 gerist \u00fea\u00f0 1524, \u00ed fyrsta skipti fr\u00e1 fyrri hluta 14. aldar, a\u00f0 b\u00e1\u00f0ir biskuparnir \u00e1 \u00cdslandi voru innf\u00e6ddir.<\/span><\/p>\n

F\u00e1ein or\u00f0 um kirkjuskipunina<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Kirkjuskipunin hefst \u00e1 nokkrum or\u00f0um um tilur\u00f0 hennar og segir \u00fear me\u00f0al annars a\u00f0 skipunin s\u00e9 skrifu\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 fyrir augum a\u00f0<\/span><\/p>\n

vi\u00f0reisa og \u00e1 f\u00e6tur koma \u00feeim ni\u00f0urfallna vors herra Jes\u00fa Krists l\u00e6rd\u00f3mi og \u00feeirri r\u00e9ttilegu s\u00f6nnu og kristilegu Gu\u00f0s d\u00fdrkan…<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Kirkjuskipunin var skrifu\u00f0 \u00ed Danaveldi en send \u00ed yfirlestur hj\u00e1 Marteini L\u00father. H\u00fan kom til baka \u00ed fylgd Hans Bugenhagen og er hann yfirleitt talin h\u00f6fundur hennar. Skipunin var s\u00ed\u00f0an sam\u00feykkt af r\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0i Danaveldis og s\u00ed\u00f0ast send \u00fat til pr\u00e9dikara kirkjunnar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kirkjuskipuninni er skipt upp \u00ed sex kafla. \u00deeir eru:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Kaflinn um l\u00e6rd\u00f3minn. Hann fjallar m.a. um val \u00e1 pr\u00e9dikurum\/prestum. \u00deeir skulu vera g\u00f3\u00f0ir og si\u00f0samir, \u00feurfa b\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 kunna og vilja pr\u00e9dika Gu\u00f0s or\u00f0 r\u00e9tt og eins a\u00f0 \u00fatdeila sakramentum r\u00e9tt. Eins \u00feurfa \u00feeir a\u00f0 geta \u00fatsk\u00fdrt og kennt bo\u00f0or\u00f0in 10, tr\u00faarj\u00e1tninguna, Fa\u00f0ir vor og r\u00e9tta me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakramenta.<\/li>\n
  2. Kaflinn um serem\u00f3n\u00edur og ytri kirkju\u00fej\u00f3nustu. \u00dear sem fjalla\u00f0 er um gu\u00f0\u00fej\u00f3nustur og til \u00feess m\u00e6lst a\u00f0 h\u00fan s\u00e9 nytsamleg \u00f6llum. \u00deannig skal t.d. einfalt og f\u00e1v\u00edst al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0uf\u00f3lk ekki a\u00f0 \u00feurfa a\u00f0 hneykslast \u00e1 kirkjusi\u00f0um.<\/li>\n
  3. Kaflinn um sk\u00f3lana. Val \u00e1 sk\u00f3lameisturum \u00ed sk\u00f3la er h\u00e9r me\u00f0al umfj\u00f6llunarefnis. \u00dear er l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1hersla jafnt \u00e1 \u00feekkingu og atferli.<\/li>\n
  4. Kaflinn um laun \u00fej\u00f3na kirkjunnar og \u00f6lmusu f\u00e1t\u00e6kra.<\/li>\n
  5. Kaflinn um biskupa og pr\u00f3fasta. Samkv\u00e6mt \u00feessum kafla er verksvi\u00f0 biskupa og pr\u00f3fasta \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 halda \u00fej\u00f3num Gu\u00f0s or\u00f0s vi\u00f0 efni\u00f0 og sj\u00e1 til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3nusta \u00feeirra gangi r\u00e9tt og skikanlega til.<\/li>\n
  6. Kaflinn um b\u00e6kurnar. Hann tekur \u00e1 b\u00f3kaeign g\u00f3\u00f0ra s\u00f3knarpresta og bendir \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feeir \u00feurfi a\u00f0 hafa uppbyggilegar b\u00e6kur vi\u00f0 hendina og skuli varast a\u00f0 vera blekktir af \u201enokkrum vondum b\u00f3kum.\u201c<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    H\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir mun \u00e9g sko\u00f0a kaflann um sk\u00f3lanna og velta \u00ed framhaldi af \u00fev\u00ed fyrir m\u00e9r forsendum skrifanna og aflei\u00f0ingum \u00feeirra.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00a0Um barnask\u00f3lann<\/strong><\/p>\n

    …a\u00f0 barni\u00f0 megi r\u00e9ttilega uppt\u00fdttast og undirb\u00faast til a\u00f0 l\u00e6ra Gu\u00f0s evangel\u00edum af hverjum undirb\u00faningi s\u00e1 fyrsti \u00e6skualdurinn ver\u00f0ur hneyg\u00f0ur til sannrar gu\u00f0r\u00e6kni og r\u00e9ttskika\u00f0ur til annarra kristilegra dygg\u00f0a og nemur \u00fe\u00e6r listir hverjar mj\u00f6g vel kunna a\u00f0 hj\u00e1lpa anna\u00f0 hvort til a\u00f0 kenna sem tilheyrir Gu\u00f0s \u00e6ru \u00ed kristind\u00f3minum ellegar vernda veraldlega valdstj\u00f3rn og henni almennilega vi\u00f0 halda.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

    \u00deessi yfirskrift er yfir \u00feri\u00f0ja hluta kirkjuskipunarinnar. N\u00e1mi\u00f0 er eitt, tilgangurinn tv\u00ed\u00fe\u00e6ttur. N\u00e1mi\u00f0 er Gu\u00f0s evangel\u00edum og tilgangurinn er a\u00f0 gera nemandanum m\u00f6gulegt anna\u00f0 tveggja a\u00f0 kenna um Gu\u00f0s \u00e6ru \u00ed kristind\u00f3minum e\u00f0a vernda hi\u00f0 veraldlega vald og halda \u00fev\u00ed vi\u00f0. Um tv\u00edskiptinguna mun \u00e9g staldra vi\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ar, en fyrst hyggst \u00e9g sko\u00f0a hvernig kennslan \u00e1tti a\u00f0 fara fram skv. skipuninni.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Kennslan<\/em><\/p>\n

    Fyrsta setning \u00feessa hluta segir svo fr\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00ed hverjum kaupsta\u00f0 skuli var einn lat\u00ednusk\u00f3li og kennarar \u00ed \u00feeim skuli vera tveir e\u00f0a \u00fer\u00edr. Lagt ver\u00f0i hart a\u00f0 foreldrum a\u00f0 senda b\u00f6rn s\u00edn \u00ed sl\u00edka sk\u00f3la \u00ed pr\u00e9dikun kirkjunnar.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00cd sl\u00edkum sk\u00f3lum skuli fyrst kenna lestur og til \u00feess lesi\u00f0 Fa\u00f0ir vor, tr\u00faarj\u00e1tningin, bo\u00f0or\u00f0in 10, innsetningaror\u00f0 sk\u00edrnar og innsetningaror\u00f0 altarissakramenta \u00e1samt nokkrum sm\u00e1b\u00e6num. \u00cd framhaldi skal einnig kenna m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0i, d\u00e6mis\u00f6gur Es\u00f3ps og jafnvel s\u00f6fn Erasmusar \u00feeim sem best standa sig. \u00cd \u00feri\u00f0ja hluta n\u00e1msins skal Cicero lesin og er \u00fear gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 ekki s\u00e9 tala\u00f0 anna\u00f0 en lat\u00edna. Gert er r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir meira n\u00e1mi sem felst \u00fe\u00e1 \u00ed d\u00fdpkun \u00feess efnis sem fyrr er nefnt.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00cd kirkjuskipuninni er einnig skrifu\u00f0 upp stundatafla til a\u00f0 fara eftir og gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 sk\u00f3linn s\u00e9 eins alls sta\u00f0ar.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Gert er r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir \u00e1kve\u00f0num \u00fe\u00e1ttaskilum \u00ed n\u00e1minu er nemar eru 12 \u00e1ra og \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00e9 skori\u00f0 \u00far um hvort \u00feeir muni f\u00e1 gagn af l\u00e6rd\u00f3minum. \u00d6nnur \u00fe\u00e1ttaskil eru svo vi\u00f0 16 \u00e1ra aldur en \u00fe\u00e1 er komin t\u00edmi til a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 hverjir hafi tileinka\u00f0 s\u00e9r n\u00e1msefni\u00f0 til fulls og geti \u00ed framt\u00ed\u00f0 i\u00f0ka\u00f0 og kennt fr\u00e6\u00f0in og hverjum s\u00e9 best a\u00f0 leita emb\u00e6ttis \u00ed veraldlega kerfinu.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Sk\u00f3linn<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

    Skipunin gerir ekki r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir sk\u00f3laskyldu, en leggur a\u00f0 pr\u00e9dikurum og emb\u00e6ttism\u00f6nnum a\u00f0 bo\u00f0a foreldrum nau\u00f0syn \u00feess a\u00f0 senda b\u00f6rn \u00ed sk\u00f3la. \u00dea\u00f0 a\u00f0 gert er r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 sk\u00f3li s\u00e9 \u00ed hverjum kaupsta\u00f0 hefur sj\u00e1lfsagt r\u00edma\u00f0 illa vi\u00f0 a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00fear sem engir kaupsta\u00f0ir voru \u00ed r\u00famlega 140 \u00e1r eftir a\u00f0 kirkjuskipunin var\u00f0 a\u00f0 veruleika.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Yfirumsj\u00f3n sk\u00f3lans<\/em><\/p>\n

    \u00cd kirkjuskipuninni er gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir tveimur heimum, annars vegar hinum veraldlega og hins vegar hinum andlega. \u00deessi kenning um tvo heima e\u00f0a tv\u00f6 r\u00edki kemur fram \u00ed kenningum l\u00fatherskrar kirkju m.a. \u00ed 16. grein \u00c1gsborgarj\u00e1tningarinnar, sem leggur \u00e1herslu \u00e1 skyldur kristins manns vi\u00f0 borgaraleg yfirv\u00f6ld.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Athyglisvert er \u00ed kirkjuskipun Kristj\u00e1ns III. a\u00f0 gert er r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 sk\u00f3linn tilheyri hinum veraldlega heimi, s\u00e9 \u00ed raun veraldleg stofnun \u00e1n afskipta kirkju. Vissulega er \u00fear kennd kristnifr\u00e6\u00f0i en \u00fea\u00f0 er gert vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 kristinfr\u00e6\u00f0i er sannleikurinn. \u00deannig \u00e1 sk\u00f3linn a\u00f0 kenna \u00feau fr\u00e6\u00f0i sem eru s\u00f6nn og r\u00e9tt og n\u00fdtast \u00fev\u00ed best \u00ed l\u00edfinu en ekki vegna frelsunargildis \u00feeirra. N\u00e1mi\u00f0 er \u00feannig ekki nau\u00f0syn til s\u00e1luhj\u00e1lpar heldur \u00f6llu fremur til \u00feess a\u00f0 gera einstaklinga h\u00e6fari til a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3na r\u00edkjunum tveimur, hinu andlega og \u00fev\u00ed veraldlega.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Forsta\u00f0a sk\u00f3lanna \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed samkv\u00e6mt kirkjuskipuninni ekki a\u00f0 vera \u00ed h\u00f6ndum presta og biskupa, heldur l\u00e6r\u00f0ra manna og fr\u00f3\u00f0ra, hvort sem \u00feeir eru v\u00edg\u00f0ir e\u00f0ur ei.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Fermingin<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

    Kirkjuskipunin ger\u00f0i ekki r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir neinni fermingu, enda leit L\u00father svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 ekkert m\u00e6tti skyggja \u00e1 sk\u00edrnina sem hina fullkomnu gj\u00f6f Gu\u00f0s.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00dea\u00f0 var a\u00f0 v\u00edsu liti\u00f0 svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 ganga til altaris \u00feyrfti a\u00f0 hafa \u00e1kve\u00f0inn skilning og \u00e1kve\u00f0na \u00feekkingu \u00e1 valdi s\u00ednu og \u00fev\u00ed var gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir pr\u00f3fi til a\u00f0 skera \u00far um hvort h\u00fan v\u00e6ri til sta\u00f0ar. En \u00fear sem kirkjuskipunin ger\u00f0i r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 menntunin f\u00e6ri fram \u00ed veraldlegri stofnun var einnig gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 pr\u00f3fi\u00f0 v\u00e6ri haldi\u00f0 \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 sk\u00f3lana en ekki kirkju.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Saga kirkjuskipunarinnar \u00e1 \u00cdslandi<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Kat\u00f3lska kirkjan<\/em><\/p>\n

    \u00deegar kirkjuskipunin barst til \u00cdslands voru \u00feeir biskupar \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, J\u00f3n Arason \u00ed H\u00f3last\u00f3l og \u00d6gmundur P\u00e1lsson \u00ed Sk\u00e1lholti. Ekki er a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feeir hafi veri\u00f0 mj\u00f6g snortnir af skipuninni enda b\u00e1\u00f0ir v\u00edg\u00f0ir undir kat\u00f3lskum si\u00f0. \u00d6gmundur skrifa\u00f0i reyndar \u00e1ri\u00f0 1539 og vara\u00f0i vi\u00f0 kenningum \u201e\u00fe\u00fdsks gr\u00e1munks\u201c en anna\u00f0 var \u00fea\u00f0 ekki. Kat\u00f3lskur si\u00f0ur h\u00e9lst \u00e1 \u00cdslandi nokkur \u00e1r enn og \u00fea\u00f0 var ekki fyrr en me\u00f0 ofbeldisfullum a\u00f0ger\u00f0um Danakonungs a\u00f0 hann var afnumin.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Vi\u00f0eyjarklaustursr\u00e1ni\u00f0<\/em><\/p>\n

    \u00c1 hv\u00edtasunnumorgun 1539 f\u00f3ru emb\u00e6ttismenn Danakonungs og l\u00f6g\u00f0u undir sig eignir Vi\u00f0eyjarklausturs me\u00f0 tilvitnun \u00ed hina n\u00fdju kirkjuskipun. Emb\u00e6ttismennirnir h\u00e9ldu s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1 su\u00f0urland og hug\u00f0ust taka yfir eignir \u00fear, en voru \u00fdmist drepnir \u00ed Sk\u00e1lholti e\u00f0a d\u00e6mdir sekir fyrir gj\u00f6r\u00f0ir s\u00ednar.<\/span><\/p>\n

    L\u00fatherskur si\u00f0ur \u00ed Sk\u00e1lholti<\/em><\/p>\n

    Gissur Einarsson stunda\u00f0i n\u00e1m \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi og kynnst hinum n\u00fdja si\u00f0 L\u00fathers \u00fear \u00ed landi. Hann kom s\u00ed\u00f0an heim til \u00cdslands og r\u00e9\u00f0st til starfa \u00ed Sk\u00e1lholti undir stj\u00f3rn \u00d6gmunds P\u00e1lssonar. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir l\u00fatherskar sko\u00f0anir s\u00ednar var hann a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er vir\u00f0ist vins\u00e6ll af \u00d6gmundi og svo f\u00f3r 1539 a\u00f0 Gissur var kj\u00f6rinn biskup. Hann t\u00f3k svo vi\u00f0 biskupsstj\u00f3rn \u00ed Sk\u00e1lholti 1540 eftir a\u00f0 \u00d6gmundur haf\u00f0i sagt af s\u00e9r vegna heilsubrests og elli.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Gissur f\u00e9kk hins vegar g\u00f3\u00f0an stu\u00f0ning vi\u00f0 breytingar \u00ed anda hinnar l\u00fathersku kirkjuskipunar Kristj\u00e1ns III \u00feegar n\u00fdr emb\u00e6ttisma\u00f0ur konungs kom h\u00e9r 1541 \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00feeirra sem myrtir voru \u00ed Sk\u00e1lholti tveimur \u00e1rum \u00e1\u00f0ur.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00c1t\u00f6k<\/em><\/p>\n

    Vi\u00f0 komu Gissurar \u00ed biskupsemb\u00e6tti\u00f0 myndu\u00f0ust tveir p\u00f3lar \u00ed tr\u00fam\u00e1lum \u00cdslendinga. J\u00f3n Arason sat \u00e1 H\u00f3last\u00f3l og \u00fear var kat\u00f3lskur si\u00f0ur \u00ed h\u00e1vegum haf\u00f0ur. Gissur sat \u00ed Sk\u00e1lholti og vann a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed h\u00f6r\u00f0um h\u00f6ndum a\u00f0 festa l\u00fatherskuna \u00ed sessi. Ekki vir\u00f0ist hafa veri\u00f0 um miklar deilur \u00feeirra \u00e1 milli, en landi\u00f0 var hins vegar skipt. Til nokkurra t\u00ed\u00f0inda dr\u00f3 vi\u00f0 l\u00e1t Gissurar 1548, en \u00fe\u00e1 freista\u00f0i J\u00f3n \u00feess a\u00f0 n\u00e1 su\u00f0urlandi aftur undir kat\u00f3lskan si\u00f0. \u00deessi tilraun J\u00f3ns f\u00f3r \u00e1 \u00feann veg a\u00f0 konungur l\u00fdsti hann \u00fatl\u00e6gan og hann var tekinn af l\u00edfi \u00e1samt tveimur sonum s\u00ednum \u00ed Sk\u00e1lholti, \u00feann 7. n\u00f3vember 1550.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Sk\u00f3larnir<\/em><\/p>\n

    <\/em>\u00c1ri\u00f0 1542 sam\u00feykkti danska r\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00feremur klaustrum, \u00deykkvab\u00e6jar-, Kirkjub\u00e6jar- og Skri\u00f0uklaustri yr\u00f0i breytt \u00ed barnask\u00f3la og \u00fear yr\u00f0i kennt \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 kirkjuskipunina. Einnig var gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir lat\u00ednusk\u00f3lum \u00ed Vi\u00f0ey og \u00e1 Helgafelli. Ekki var\u00f0 neitt \u00far n\u00e6stu t\u00edu \u00e1rin enda ekki um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a mikinn fri\u00f0 til framkv\u00e6mda.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00deegar teki\u00f0 var a\u00f0 h\u00e6gjast um 1552 taldi konungur sig ekki hafa bolmagn til framkv\u00e6mdanna og \u00e1kva\u00f0 a\u00f0 sk\u00f3larnir yr\u00f0u a\u00f0eins tveir, barnask\u00f3larnir yr\u00f0u a\u00f0 b\u00ed\u00f0a. H\u00e9r er athyglisvert a\u00f0 sk\u00f3lunum tveimur var fundinn sta\u00f0ur \u00e1 biskupsst\u00f3lunum og voru kosta\u00f0ir af \u00feeim. H\u00e9r haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 stigi\u00f0 langt fr\u00e1 hugmyndum kirkjuskipunarinnar. Sk\u00f3larnir voru settir undir skipulag kirkjunnar, en voru veraldlegar stofnanir eins og gert haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Fermingin<\/em><\/p>\n

    Vi\u00f0 si\u00f0breytinguna lag\u00f0ist fermingin af sem sakramenti og var eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur segir gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 sk\u00f3larnir myndu taka a\u00f0 s\u00e9r a\u00f0 pr\u00f3fa ungmenni, hvort \u00feau v\u00e6ru h\u00e6f til a\u00f0 me\u00f0taka sakramenti.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00deessi hugmynd st\u00f3\u00f0 hins vegar ekki lengi h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi og og telur Bjarne Hareide a\u00f0 ferming hafi veri\u00f0 tekin upp \u00ed H\u00f3lastifti af Gu\u00f0brandi \u00deorl\u00e1kssyni biskup \u00e1ri\u00f0 1596. A\u00f0eins 46 \u00e1rum eftir a\u00f0 h\u00fan var afl\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 nor\u00f0urlandi.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Lokaor\u00f0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    <\/strong>\u00deegar kirkjuskipunin barst hinga\u00f0 til lands voru til sta\u00f0ar mj\u00f6g voldugir biskupsst\u00f3lar sem voru a\u00f0 mestu sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ir og h\u00f6f\u00f0u mikil v\u00f6ld jafnt andleg sem veraldleg. \u00deeim haf\u00f0i tekist a\u00f0 byggja upp fj\u00e1rhagsleg st\u00f3rveldi og s\u00e1u \u00ed kirkjuskipunin tilraun til valdar\u00e1ns. \u00dev\u00ed er skiljanlegt a\u00f0 \u00feeir hafi reynt a\u00f0 halda \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 sem var. Upptaka Vi\u00f0eyjarklausturs af erlendum m\u00f6nnum hefur l\u00edkast til styrkt valdakerfi biskupsst\u00f3lanna me\u00f0al landsmanna.<\/p>\n

    Sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 \u00ed upphaflegum hugmyndum konungs um sk\u00f3lahald \u00e1 fimm klausturj\u00f6r\u00f0um a\u00f0 konungur haf\u00f0i hug \u00e1 a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta skipunina ganga fram. Hins vegar ollu deilur h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 honum t\u00f3kst ekki a\u00f0 framfylgja hugmyndunum.<\/p>\n

    \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0a \u00feess a\u00f0 fermingin \u00e1n kirkjulegrar athafnar n\u00e1\u00f0i ekki a\u00f0 festast \u00ed sessi er l\u00edkast til s\u00fa a\u00f0 veraldlegar menntastofnanir ur\u00f0u ekki a\u00f0 veruleika. Prestar \u00feurftu a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 um menntun og \u00fev\u00ed e\u00f0lilegt a\u00f0 \u00feeirra sta\u00f0ur, kirkjan, mynda\u00f0i umgj\u00f6r\u00f0 menntunarinnar.<\/p>\n

    \u00deessi texti er endurunnin \u00far t\u00e6plega 20 \u00e1ra g\u00f6mlu sk\u00f3laverkefni \u00ed Emb\u00e6ttisgj\u00f6r\u00f0 vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands.\u00a0<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00e1hugavert \u00feegar kirkjuskipanin er sko\u00f0u\u00f0 hvernig hagsmunir r\u00edkjandi valdakerfis \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, komu \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 Danakonungur g\u00e6ti byggt upp menntakerfi \u00ed landinu \u00e1 16. \u00f6ld. \u00deannig m\u00e1 \u00e6tla a\u00f0 r\u00edkjandi valdast\u00e9ttir \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00e1 16. \u00f6ld hafi seinka\u00f0 uppbyggingu samf\u00e9lagsins \u00e1 \u00cdslandi e.t.v. um nokkrar aldir \u00ed tilraun sinni til a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda … Continue reading Fr\u00e6\u00f0slum\u00e1l \u00ed Kirkjuskipan Kristj\u00e1ns III – \u00feankar<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"wds_primary_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[31,87,108,118,145],"class_list":["post-5283","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-islenska","tag-clergy","tag-iceland","tag-my-studies","tag-politics","tag-state-church"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5283","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5283"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5283\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5283"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5283"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5283"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}