{"id":4476,"date":"2013-04-26T16:13:53","date_gmt":"2013-04-26T16:13:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/igrundun.wordpress.com\/?p=4476"},"modified":"2013-04-26T16:13:53","modified_gmt":"2013-04-26T16:13:53","slug":"vidhorf-forrettindastetta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/2013\/04\/26\/vidhorf-forrettindastetta\/","title":{"rendered":"Vi\u00f0horf forr\u00e9ttindast\u00e9tta"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Fyrir nokku\u00f0 m\u00f6rgum \u00e1rum \u00fe\u00fdddi \u00e9g nokkra valda hluta \u00fat\u00a05. kafla b\u00f3karinnar <\/em>Moral Man and Immoral Society<em> eftir Reinhold Niebuhr. \u00c9g \u00fearf v\u00e6ntanlega a\u00f0 fara a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a \u00fea\u00f0 rit aftur \u00e1 n\u00e6stu vikum og m\u00e1nu\u00f0um.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Efnahags- og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsst\u00e9ttir innan r\u00edkis b\u00faa ekki yfir e\u00f0a hafa ekki b\u00fai\u00f0 yfir v\u00f6ldum, innri samlo\u00f0un e\u00f0a jafn sk\u00fdrt marka\u00f0a st\u00f6\u00f0u og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir. \u00dev\u00ed er mun erfi\u00f0ara og \u00f3n\u00e1kv\u00e6mara a\u00f0 tala um or\u00f0 og athafnir st\u00e9tta en \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a.\u00a0<!--more-->Markt\u00e6kar a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir st\u00e9tta \u00ed fort\u00ed\u00f0 hafa veri\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0nar af vi\u00f0horfum \u00feeirra einstaklinga sem hafa komi\u00f0 \u00feeim af sta\u00f0, ekki nau\u00f0synlega me\u00f0 skilningi \u00e1 trygg\u00f0 vi\u00f0 st\u00e9ttina. A\u00f0ger\u00f0irnar hafa mun frekar veri\u00f0 bygg\u00f0ar \u00e1 hagsmunum einstaklinga sem sameinu\u00f0umst \u00f6\u00f0rum sem skorti s\u00f6mu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagslegu g\u00e6\u00f0i, og myndu\u00f0u \u00fev\u00ed h\u00f3p sem t\u00f3k \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last sameiginlega hagsmuni. St\u00e9ttir geta myndast \u00e1 grunni svipa\u00f0rar virkni einstaklinganna \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9laginu, en \u00fe\u00e6r ver\u00f0a ekki sk\u00fdrt a\u00f0greindar fr\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum fyrr en virknin er skilgreind sem forr\u00e9ttindi. &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>\u00dea\u00f0 sem er mikilv\u00e6gt fyrir okkar ranns\u00f3kn er a\u00f0 \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur milli \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsst\u00e9tta \u00fer\u00f3ast \u00ed \u00f6llum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagskerfum, og \u00feessi \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur ver\u00f0ur grunnur a\u00f0 st\u00e9ttarskiptingu og st\u00e9ttarvitundar. Vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum s\u00e9\u00f0 \u00e1\u00f0ur a\u00f0 \u00feessi \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur forr\u00e9ttinda er til sta\u00f0ar mestmegnis vegna \u00f3samr\u00e6mis \u00ed dreifingu valds, og v\u00f6ld mynda forr\u00e9ttindi og \u00fearfnast til \u00feess ekki au\u00f0s, \u00fe\u00f3 hann fylgi yfirleitt. &#8230; Sk\u00fdrasti st\u00e9ttarmunurinn er alltaf milli \u00feeirra sem eiga einhverjar eignir og \u00feeirra sem eiga \u00fe\u00e6r ekki. \u00dea\u00f0 er sm\u00e1greinarmunur, hinsvegar, innan \u00feessara h\u00f3pa sem hafa tilhneigingu deyfa heildars\u00fdn innan h\u00f3panna, \u00feegar horft er fr\u00e1 vissu sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0i. &#8230; \u00cdtreka\u00f0ar \u00e1bendingar \u00feeirra sem keppast a\u00f0 einingu \u00f6reigast\u00e9ttarinnar, um a\u00f0 ekki s\u00e9 til sta\u00f0ar \u00feessi sm\u00e1v\u00e6gilegi munur, n\u00e6r ekki eyrum allra. Eining \u00f6reigast\u00e9ttarinnar yr\u00f0i hins vegar si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilegt afrek, sem mundi \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0eins n\u00e1st \u00ed andst\u00f6\u00f0u vi\u00f0 stundarhagsmuni \u00feeirra \u00f6reiga sem hafa \u00f6rl\u00edti\u00f0 meiri forr\u00e9ttindi, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 s\u00fa eining muni a\u00f0 \u00f6llum l\u00edkum vera \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 lokahagsmuni \u00feeirra. &#8230; Efnahagsst\u00e9ttir n\u00fat\u00edmans hafa \u00e1 sama t\u00edma meiri sj\u00e1lfsvitund og \u00f3sk\u00fdrari st\u00e9ttaskil en \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsst\u00e9ttir mi\u00f0alda. Afl hins t\u00e6kniv\u00e6dda \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lags sem gefur st\u00e9ttum kraft til samlo\u00f0unar og sj\u00e1lfstj\u00e1ningar, veldur um lei\u00f0 ruglingi \u00ed efnahagslegum a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um sem mynda st\u00e9ttirnar, me\u00f0 endalausri sundurgreiningu verkefna og me\u00f0fylgjandi mismun forr\u00e9ttinda. &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Si\u00f0fer\u00f0isvi\u00f0horf r\u00edkjandi h\u00f3pa og \u00feeirra sem hafa forr\u00e9ttindi eru au\u00f0kennd me\u00f0 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legri sj\u00e1lfsblekkingu og hr\u00e6sni. &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Algengasta form hr\u00e6sni me\u00f0al forr\u00e9ttindast\u00e9tta er \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 gera r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 forr\u00e9ttindi \u00feeirra s\u00e9u sanngj\u00f6rn grei\u00f0sla \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsins til \u00feeirra, vegna s\u00e9rstaks mikilv\u00e6gis og lofsver\u00f0a starfa. Svo lengi sem \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi\u00f0 telur si\u00f0fer\u00f0islega r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tanlegt og nau\u00f0synlegt a\u00f0 umbuna starfi einhverra einstaklinga (og afturhvarf jafnr\u00e9ttishugmynda \u00ed R\u00fasslandi til \u00feessa vi\u00f0horfs um \u00f3jafnar grei\u00f0slur fyrir mismunandi verk gefur \u00ed skin a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 ver\u00f0i ekki afnumi\u00f0), \u00fe\u00e1 er alltaf m\u00f6gulegt fyrir forr\u00e9ttindaf\u00f3lk \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsins a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ta sig, a\u00f0 minnsta kosti \u00ed eigin augum, vegna \u00feeirrar st\u00f6\u00f0u sem \u00fea\u00f0 hefur. &#8230; \u00deetta vi\u00f0horf hl\u00fdtur a\u00f0 ganga \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feeir h\u00f3par sem ekki hafa forr\u00e9ttindin s\u00e9u ekki til \u00feess h\u00e6fir a\u00f0 framkv\u00e6ma \u00fe\u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3nustu sem forr\u00e9ttindast\u00e9ttir gegna. &#8230; Yfirbur\u00f0ir \u00feeir sem forr\u00e9ttindast\u00e9ttin hefur keypt s\u00e9r \u00e1 svi\u00f0i menntunar, og m\u00f6guleikar \u00e1 notkun valds sem fylgir forr\u00e9ttindum sumra st\u00e9tta, mynda st\u00f6\u00f0u sem au\u00f0velt er a\u00f0 vitna til me\u00f0f\u00e6ddra g\u00e1fna. &#8230; \u00c1 hinn b\u00f3ginn hefur \u00fea\u00f0 l\u00f6ngum veri\u00f0 vani forr\u00e9ttindast\u00e9tta a\u00f0 neita k\u00fagu\u00f0um st\u00e9ttum um hvert einasta t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til a\u00f0 r\u00e6kta me\u00f0 s\u00e9r \u00e1skapa\u00f0a h\u00e6fileika og saka \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0an um skort \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed sem \u00feeim hefur veri\u00f0 neita\u00f0 um a\u00f0 n\u00e1 fram. Bar\u00e1ttan um almenna menntun \u00e1 19. \u00f6ld, kalla\u00f0i fram samskonar r\u00f6ksemdaf\u00e6rslu hj\u00e1 forr\u00e9ttindaf\u00f3lki \u00ed \u00f6llum l\u00f6ndum. F\u00e1t\u00e6kir eru \u00f3h\u00e6fir um a\u00f0 nj\u00f3ta \u00e1g\u00f3\u00f0a menntunarinnar, og ef teldu \u00feau teldu sig til \u00feess h\u00e6f myndu \u00feau standa betur gegn kr\u00f6fum k\u00fagara sinna. &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>&#8230; Meginreglan um almenna menntun er afur\u00f0 hreyfingar l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0issinna, sem var hrint af sta\u00f0 af hugsj\u00f3nam\u00f6nnum millist\u00e9ttarinnar. Me\u00f0an \u00feessi hreyfing var a\u00f0 mestu drifinn \u00e1fram af millist\u00e9ttarf\u00f3lki, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 verkl\u00fd\u00f0urinn fengi a\u00f0 vera \u00fear me\u00f0, sem \u00fe\u00f3 l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0iskrafan ger\u00f0i r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir, \u00fe\u00e1 stu\u00f0la\u00f0i krafan um almenna menntun, samt sem \u00e1\u00f0ur, a\u00f0 b\u00e6tum kj\u00f6rum allra st\u00e9tta og gaf verkal\u00fd\u00f0num sj\u00e1lfs\u00f6ryggi og g\u00e1fur til a\u00f0 verjast hugmyndum millist\u00e9ttarinnar um a\u00f0 beita l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0ishreyfingunni \u00ed st\u00e9ttarbar\u00e1ttu sinni einungis. &#8230; R\u00e1\u00f0andi st\u00e9ttir eru alltaf h\u00e6gastar \u00ed \u00feeirri raun a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta af v\u00f6ldum, \u00fev\u00ed v\u00f6ld eru grunnur forr\u00e9ttinda. Svo lengi sem v\u00f6ldin eru \u00ed h\u00f6ndum \u00feeirra, geta \u00feeir \u00fathluta\u00f0 og veit forr\u00e9ttindi a\u00f0 eigin vild. Noti\u00f0 \u00feeirrar gle\u00f0i a\u00f0 gefa \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00feeir eiga \u00fe\u00f3 ekki me\u00f0 r\u00e9ttu og \u00feeirra g\u00e6\u00f0a a\u00f0 halda \u00fev\u00ed fyrir sj\u00e1lfa sig, sem \u00feeir \u00feurfa til a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda r\u00edkjandi \u00e1standi. &#8230; \u00dear sem menntun er allt fram til \u00feessa dags b\u00e6\u00f0i t\u00f3l \u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0urs \u00ed h\u00f6ndum r\u00edkjandi st\u00e9ttar og lei\u00f0 til lausnar fyrir l\u00fd\u00f0andi st\u00e9tt, \u00fe\u00e1 er au\u00f0velt a\u00f0 skilja b\u00e6\u00f0i v\u00e6ntingar og \u00f3tta forr\u00e9ttindast\u00e9ttarinnar \u00feegar \u00feeir misstu \u00feau forr\u00e9ttindi sem menntun er.<\/p>\n<p>Deilurnar um almennan kosningar\u00e9tt ur\u00f0u har\u00f0ari. &#8230;og forr\u00e9ttindast\u00e9ttir v\u00f6r\u00f0ust hverju einasta skrefi \u00ed \u00e1tt til almenns kosningar\u00e9ttar verkal\u00fd\u00f0sins me\u00f0 g\u00f6mlu r\u00f6kunum um a\u00f0 \u00feeir sem ekki nytu r\u00e9ttarins til a\u00f0 kj\u00f3sa, v\u00e6ru einfaldlega ekki h\u00e6fir til \u00feess. &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>R\u00edkjandi st\u00e9ttir ala \u00e1 fleiri hr\u00e6snifullum vi\u00f0horfum en bara \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00feeir hafi s\u00e9rstakar g\u00e1fur til a\u00f0 beita \u00fev\u00ed valdi sem \u00feeir hafa me\u00f0 h\u00f6ndum og nj\u00f3ta forr\u00e9ttindanna sem \u00feeir hafa. &#8230; \u00deannig taldi millist\u00e9ttarf\u00f3lk \u00e1 18. og 19. \u00f6ld st\u00f6\u00f0u s\u00edna h\u00e1tt yfir verkal\u00fd\u00f0num vera umbun fyrir gott og dygg\u00f0um pr\u00edtt l\u00edferni. &#8230; \u00deessi einstaklingshyggja og \u00e1herslan \u00e1 gott og dygg\u00f0um pr\u00edtt l\u00edferni, gaf millist\u00e9ttinni \u00fe\u00e1 tr\u00fa a\u00f0 \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a \u00feess a\u00f0 einhver v\u00e6ri verkama\u00f0ur, v\u00e6ri vegna leti hans og fyrirhyggjuleysi. &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Millist\u00e9ttin var stolt vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 eignir \u00feeirra, \u00f3l\u00edkt eignum \u00feeirra sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u erft st\u00f6\u00f0u s\u00edna, voru tilkomnar vegna i\u00f0ni, h\u00f3fsemi og sparsemi. \u00deess vegna t\u00f6ldu \u00feau \u00fea\u00f0 n\u00e6sta v\u00edst a\u00f0 hver og einn me\u00f0 samskonar h\u00e6fileika g\u00e6ti noti\u00f0 \u00feess sama og \u00feau. \u00dea\u00f0 a\u00f0 mistakast \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e6tlunarverk sanna\u00f0i \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed sj\u00e1lfu s\u00e9r skort \u00e1 h\u00e6fileikum. &#8230; \u00de.e. \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fa \u00e1tt eignir er s\u00f6nnun \u00e1 i\u00f0ni og fyrirhyggju, anna\u00f0 hvort \u00feinni e\u00f0a f\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00edns. \u00dea\u00f0 hins vegar a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fa ert eignarlaus er d\u00f3mur um leti \u00fe\u00edna og lesti e\u00f0a fyrirhyggjuleysi. &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Hugmyndin um a\u00f0 \u00e1g\u00f3\u00f0i er ver\u00f0laun r\u00e9ttl\u00e1ts samf\u00e9lags fyrir fyrirhyggju og sparsemi \u00feeirra sem f\u00f3rnu\u00f0u skyndihagsmunum ey\u00f0slunnar til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi\u00f0 g\u00e6ti n\u00fdtt fj\u00e1rmagn til framlei\u00f0slu, haf\u00f0i \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 gildi \u00e1 upphafsd\u00f6gum kap\u00edtalismans, \u00feegar framlei\u00f0slufyrirt\u00e6kjum var i\u00f0ulega hrint af sta\u00f0 me\u00f0 fj\u00e1rmagni, sem safna\u00f0 haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 mestu fyrirhyggju. &#8230; En \u00fear sem \u00ed dag vi\u00f0 b\u00faum \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi \u00fear sem fj\u00e1rmagn til framkv\u00e6mda er of miki\u00f0 og of l\u00edti\u00f0 fj\u00e1rmagn til neyslu, \u00fe\u00e1 hafa r\u00f6kin um nau\u00f0syn fj\u00e1rhagslegs \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ar, til a\u00f0 safna saman n\u00e6gilegum fj\u00e1rhagslegum styrk, misst meira a\u00f0 segja hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt gildi sitt. Samt eru \u00feau enn \u00fe\u00e1 notu\u00f0 af forr\u00e9ttindast\u00e9ttum til a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda villandi sambandi milli dygg\u00f0ar og dugs annars vegar og forr\u00e9ttinda hins vegar.<\/p>\n<p>\u00deau si\u00f0fer\u00f0islegu g\u00e6\u00f0i sem forr\u00e9ttindah\u00f3par telja sig hafa og sem \u00feeir nota til a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ta s\u00e9rstaka yfirbur\u00f0i s\u00edna \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9laginu eru ekki alltaf endanleg g\u00e6\u00f0i. Millist\u00e9ttin getur undirstrika\u00f0 nau\u00f0syn sparsemi og i\u00f0ni og krafist \u00feess a\u00f0 b\u00faa yfir \u00feeim \u00ed \u00f3venjulega miklu m\u00e6li. Me\u00f0an jar\u00f0eignamenn hafa alla t\u00ed\u00f0 byggt s\u00edna upphef\u00f0 \u00e1 algj\u00f6rlega \u00f3l\u00edkum grunni. &#8230; Hva\u00f0 var\u00f0ar si\u00f0fer\u00f0iskennd jar\u00f0eignamanna, \u00fe\u00e1 kemur \u00fear fram undarleg samblanda mannasi\u00f0a og si\u00f0fer\u00f0is sem s\u00e9st \u00ed tv\u00edr\u00e6\u00f0ni fj\u00f6lmargra tungum\u00e1la. &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Tileinkun a\u00f0alsmanna \u00e1 list og menningu b\u00ed\u00f0ur upp \u00e1 anna\u00f0 tilefni til r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tingar \u00e1 forr\u00e9ttindum. &#8230; \u00d3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9laginu hefur veri\u00f0 grunnur a\u00f0 menningars\u00f6gunni og hefur Clive Bell gefi\u00f0 gaum a\u00f0 \u00fevi a\u00f0 samf\u00e9lag a\u00f0alsmanna er forsenda h\u00e1menningar. &#8230; S\u00fa sta\u00f0reynd a\u00f0 menning \u00fearfnast fr\u00edstunda, er \u00fe\u00f3 vart fulln\u00e6gjandi r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ting fyrir tilveru h\u00e1eignarst\u00e9ttar. Fyrir hvern listamann sem a\u00f0allinn hefur bori\u00f0 fram, og fyrir hvern velunnara listar, hefur h\u00e1eignarst\u00e9ttin komi\u00f0 fram me\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fasundir landey\u00f0a. Skynsamt \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lag veit hvernig h\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 styrkja \u00fe\u00e1 sem hafa s\u00e9rg\u00e1fur \u00ed listum og v\u00edsindum og hj\u00e1lpa \u00feeim a\u00f0 komast af me\u00f0 list sinni. Skynsamt \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lag mun veita fr\u00edstundir hverjum \u00feeim sem getur n\u00fdtt s\u00e9r \u00fe\u00e6r, og mun ekki leyfa h\u00e1eignarst\u00e9ttum a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ta sj\u00e1lfar sig me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 f\u00e6ra fram \u00f6\u00f0ru hvoru skapandi snilling \u00far \u00feeim \u00f3hemjustora h\u00f3pi au\u00f0nuleysingja sem ey\u00f0a t\u00edma s\u00ednum \u00ed d\u00f3naskap og grunnhyggni. Ekkert samst\u00e6tt \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lag hefur getu til a\u00f0 komast af me\u00f0 \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0i forr\u00e9ttinda. &#8230; Forr\u00e9ttindast\u00e9ttir halda l\u00edfi vegna arflei\u00f0ar forr\u00e9ttinda \u00e1n tillits til h\u00e6fileika einstaklingsins til a\u00f0 beita \u00feeim \u00ed almanna \u00fe\u00e1gu. &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Forr\u00e9ttindah\u00f3par hafa a\u00f0rar st\u00f6\u00f0ugar a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir til r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tingar \u00e1 s\u00e9rhagsmunum s\u00ednum umfram hagsmuni almennings. Forsendan um a\u00f0 \u00feeir hafi s\u00e9rstakar g\u00e1fur og si\u00f0fer\u00f0isstyrk er a\u00f0eins tv\u00e6r af \u00feessum a\u00f0fer\u00f0um. S\u00fa a\u00f0fer\u00f0 sem er jafnvel enn meira notu\u00f0 er a\u00f0 telja s\u00e9rstaka skipun \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsins, sem \u00feeir eru arf\u00feegar a\u00f0, grunn a\u00f0 fri\u00f0i og reglu \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9laginu og forr\u00e9ttindast\u00e9ttir s\u00e9u \u00ed raun verndarar laga og reglu. \u00dear sem hvert \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lag s\u00e9 \u00ed \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir samr\u00e6mi og \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 komast hj\u00e1 deilum, \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00e9 st\u00e9ttskipting m\u00e1ttugt verkf\u00e6ri til a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda r\u00edkjandi \u00e1standi. Ekkert \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lag hefur tekist a\u00f0 vi\u00f0hafa fri\u00f0 \u00e1n einhvers \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ar. &#8230; Forr\u00e9ttindast\u00e9ttir halda \u00fevi fram a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 mj\u00f6g h\u00e6ttulegt a\u00f0 hr\u00f3fla vi\u00f0 vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mu jafnv\u00e6gi og gera s\u00e9r \u00fev\u00ed upp hr\u00e6\u00f0slu vi\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnleysi sem aflei\u00f0ingu truflunarinnar. \u00deessi \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir fri\u00f0 umfram allt anna\u00f0 er \u00fe\u00f3 ekki alltaf me\u00f0vitu\u00f0 \u00f3r\u00e1\u00f0vendni. &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Mannshugurinn er \u00fea\u00f0 vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mt verkf\u00e6ri, a\u00f0 hann er au\u00f0veldlega undiroka\u00f0ur og misnota\u00f0ur af mannlegum tilfinningum, \u00fevi er aldrei fullkomlega v\u00edst hversu mj\u00f6g hr\u00e6\u00f0sla forr\u00e9ttindast\u00e9ttarinnar, um stj\u00f3rnleysi og byltingu, eru raunverulegur \u00f3tti sem m\u00e1 sk\u00fdra me\u00f0 \u00f3fullkominni s\u00fdn \u00feeirra \u00e1 sta\u00f0reyndir \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsskipunar. Og a\u00f0 hva\u00f0a leyti \u00feessi \u00f3tti er \u00f3hei\u00f0arleg tilraun til \u00feess a\u00f0 draga \u00far kr\u00f6fum l\u00e6gri st\u00e9tta. &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Jafnvel \u00feegar \u00f3gnun stj\u00f3rnleysis varir ekki yfir og engu ofbeldi er beitt af hendi \u00feeirra st\u00e9tta sem vilja jafnari hlutdeild \u00ed stj\u00f3rnun r\u00edkisins og forr\u00e9ttindum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsins. \u00de\u00e1 er forr\u00e9ttindast\u00e9ttum alltaf unnt a\u00f0 sp\u00e1 stj\u00f3rnleysi \u00e1 \u00feeim forsendum a\u00f0 l\u00e6gri st\u00e9ttir s\u00e9u ekki f\u00e6rar um a\u00f0 beita \u00feeim v\u00f6ldum sem \u00fe\u00e6r \u00fer\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Svo st\u00f6\u00f0uglega er \u00e1kall um fri\u00f0 innan \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsins me\u00f0al r\u00e1\u00f0andi st\u00e9tta og svo sterkur vir\u00f0ist vi\u00f0bj\u00f3\u00f0ur \u00feeirra \u00e1 hvers kyns ofbeldi og stj\u00f3rnleysi a\u00f0 au\u00f0velt er a\u00f0 telja a\u00f0 \u00feeir l\u00fati l\u00f6gm\u00e1lum s\u00f6nnustu fri\u00f0arsinna, ef ekki v\u00e6ri til sta\u00f0ar s\u00fa sta\u00f0reynd a\u00f0 \u00feeir hika ekki vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 sv\u00edkja vi\u00f0horf fri\u00f0arins \u00feegar kemur a\u00f0 \u00edhugun al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0am\u00e1la. Svo kr\u00f6fuhar\u00f0ir sem \u00feeir eru \u00e1 fri\u00f0 innan \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar, eru \u00feeir undarlega flj\u00f3tt espa\u00f0ir upp til str\u00ed\u00f0s\u00e1taka gegn \u00f6\u00f0rum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0um. &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Ford\u00f3marnir, hr\u00e6snin og \u00f3hei\u00f0arleiki forr\u00e9ttinda- og r\u00edkjandi st\u00e9tta eru s\u00ed\u00f0ur afm\u00f6rku\u00f0 vi\u00f0 hl\u00fd\u00f0ni vi\u00f0 st\u00e9ttina en samsvarandi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arvi\u00f0horf er afmarka\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arhl\u00fd\u00f0ni. Me\u00f0limum forr\u00e9ttindast\u00e9tta er ekki \u00f3m\u00f6gulegt a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda hl\u00fd\u00f0ni vi\u00f0 st\u00e9ttina og taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed sameiginlegu \u00e1taki \u00feegar almennir hagsmunir \u00feeirra eru a\u00f0 ve\u00f0i. En vi\u00f0horf me\u00f0lima st\u00e9ttarinnar eru undir minni h\u00f3p\u00fer\u00fdstingi en vi\u00f0 samsvarandi a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur hj\u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 e\u00f0a \u00f6reigast\u00e9tt. &#8230; Eiginhagsmunir forr\u00e9ttindast\u00e9ttar eru \u00fev\u00ed fremur samanlag\u00f0ir eiginhagsmunir einstaklinga en, eins og \u00ed tilviki \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arhagsmuna, samanl\u00f6g\u00f0 f\u00f3rnf\u00fdsi einstaklinga. &#8230; Me\u00f0an sumar kr\u00f6fur forr\u00e9ttindast\u00e9ttar stafa auglj\u00f3slega af \u00f3hei\u00f0arleika, r\u00edsa \u00feeir flestar af \u00feeirri sta\u00f0reynd a\u00f0 gagnr\u00fdni skynseminnar, tr\u00faarinnar og menningarinnar, sem st\u00e9ttin bendir \u00e1 \u00ed v\u00f6rninni fyrir st\u00f6\u00f0u sinni, er sj\u00e1lf afur\u00f0 e\u00f0a a\u00f0 minnsta kosti litu\u00f0 af reynslu og vi\u00f0horfum st\u00e9ttarinnar. &#8230; Meiri g\u00e1fur og frekari skilningur \u00e1 forsendum skynsemi g\u00e6ti a\u00f0 einhverju leyti broti\u00f0 ni\u00f0ur m\u00fara st\u00e9ttarskiptingarinnar. \u00deau g\u00e6tu alla vega auki\u00f0 fj\u00f6lda \u00feeirra sem er kleyft a\u00f0 r\u00edfa sig lausa fr\u00e1 \u00feeirri si\u00f0fer\u00f0isblekkingu sem ruglar huga og samvisku mikils meirihluta forr\u00e9ttindast\u00e9ttarinnar. &#8230; En g\u00e1fur og skilningur geta ekki afnumi\u00f0 einstaklingshyggju st\u00e9ttarinnar. David Hume l\u00fdsti \u00fev\u00ed yfir a\u00f0 heilr\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 um a\u00f0 einstaklingshyggja v\u00e6ri r\u00edkjandi tilhneiging mannlegrar n\u00e1tt\u00faru, v\u00e6ri ef til vill ekki satt \u00ed raun, en \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri \u00f6rugglega satt \u00ed stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lum. Hann taldi \u00fea\u00f0 vera satt \u00ed stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lum \u00fear sem \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir h\u00f3psins eru alltaf teknar me\u00f0 tilliti til vilja meirihlutans og \u00fea\u00f0 yr\u00f0i alltaf r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 meirihluti stj\u00f3rna\u00f0ist af vi\u00f0horfum sj\u00e1lfselskunnar. \u00dea\u00f0 s\u00e9 mj\u00f6g erfitt a\u00f0 lesa mannkynss\u00f6guna og komast a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed alveg lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9laginu, sem stafar af forr\u00e9ttindum st\u00e9tta, hverfur ekki fullkomlega me\u00f0 si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilegum fort\u00f6lum. \u00dea\u00f0 er s\u00fa sannf\u00e6ring sem \u00f6reigast\u00e9ttin, sem \u00fej\u00e1ist mest vegna \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagslegs \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ar, hefur loks komist a\u00f0 eftir aldir brostinna vona.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fyrir nokku\u00f0 m\u00f6rgum \u00e1rum \u00fe\u00fdddi \u00e9g nokkra valda hluta \u00fat\u00a05. kafla b\u00f3karinnar Moral Man and Immoral Society eftir Reinhold Niebuhr. \u00c9g \u00fearf v\u00e6ntanlega a\u00f0 fara a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a \u00fea\u00f0 rit aftur \u00e1 n\u00e6stu vikum og m\u00e1nu\u00f0um. Efnahags- og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsst\u00e9ttir innan r\u00edkis b\u00faa ekki yfir e\u00f0a hafa ekki b\u00fai\u00f0 yfir v\u00f6ldum, innri samlo\u00f0un e\u00f0a jafn sk\u00fdrt marka\u00f0a &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/2013\/04\/26\/vidhorf-forrettindastetta\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Vi\u00f0horf forr\u00e9ttindast\u00e9tta<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"wds_primary_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[70,76,85,87,89,97,99,108,147,150,154],"class_list":["post-4476","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-islenska","tag-gods-plan","tag-growth","tag-hruni","tag-iceland","tag-injustice","tag-leadership","tag-listening","tag-my-studies","tag-storytelling","tag-teaching","tag-theology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4476","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4476"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4476\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4476"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4476"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4476"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}