{"id":234,"date":"2006-03-31T03:28:01","date_gmt":"2006-03-31T03:28:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/elli.annall.is\/2006-03-31\/03.28.01"},"modified":"2006-03-31T03:28:01","modified_gmt":"2006-03-31T03:28:01","slug":"032801","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/2006\/03\/31\/032801\/","title":{"rendered":"Samspil tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a og ofbeldis"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cd kv\u00f6ld f\u00f3r \u00e9g \u00e1 fyrirlestur \u00ed Pontificial College Josephinum. Dr. R. Scott Appleby fr\u00e1 Notre Dame University velti upp \u00fdmsum \u00fdmsum hli\u00f0um \u00e1 b\u00f3kstafs-\/\u00f6fga-\/ja\u00f0artr\u00faarhreyfingum og helstu einkennum \u00feeirra. Fyrirlesturinn var samvinnuverkefni helstu gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0isk\u00f3lanna h\u00e9r \u00ed mi\u00f0-Ohio.<\/p>\n

Meginn\u00e1lgun Dr. Appleby var s\u00f3tt \u00ed ranns\u00f3kn \u00e1 fundamental\u00edskum tr\u00faarhreyfingum<\/a> \u00far sj\u00f6 tr\u00faarhef\u00f0um sem var unnin \u00ed kringum 1990. Dr. Appleby benti \u00ed upphafi \u00e1 vandann vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 nota b\u00f3kstafstr\u00faarhugtaki\u00f0 (fundamentalism), en vestr\u00e6nar skilgreiningar \u00e1 b\u00f3kstafstr\u00faarm\u00f6nnum og vi\u00f0horfi \u00feeirra til helgirita, v\u00e6ru \u00feess e\u00f0lis a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed sem n\u00e6st allir islamar f\u00e9llu undir skilgreininguna. Hins vegar s\u00e6tu \u00feeir uppi me\u00f0 hugtaki\u00f0 vegna skorts \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0ru betra. A\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed s\u00f6g\u00f0u benti Dr. Appleby \u00e1 fimm grunneinkenni \u00feeirra hreyfinga sem \u00feeir k\u00f6llu\u00f0u fundamental\u00edskar og v\u00e6ru l\u00edklega til a\u00f0 beita ofbeldi, hvort sem \u00feeir \u00e6ttu uppruna sinn \u00ed kristinni hef\u00f0, islam, hind\u00fa, b\u00faddisma e\u00f0a annars sta\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n

1. Re-active.<\/strong> Hreyfingarnar eru a\u00f0 breg\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 e-u. H\u00e9r eru \u00e1berandi vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 “\u00feeirri sta\u00f0reynd” a\u00f0 tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0 hafi minna v\u00e6gi, heimshyggjan s\u00e9 a\u00f0 n\u00e1 yfirh\u00f6ndinni. Innan hreyfinganna er sannf\u00e6ring fyrir einhvers konar sams\u00e6ri (oft andlegu) um a\u00f0 draga gu\u00f0\/hi\u00f0 andlega \u00fat \u00far heiminum. Gagnr\u00fdnin beinist oft hva\u00f0 har\u00f0ast a\u00f0 \u00feeim sem tilheyra s\u00f6mu tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0um og eru til \u00ed a\u00f0 “gefa eftir”. \u00deannig gagnr\u00fdndi Jerry Falwell, Billy Graham mj\u00f6g harkalega fyrir samskipti vi\u00f0 “\u00f3tr\u00faa\u00f0a”. Hreyfingin er oft leidd af \u00f6\u00f0rum en menntu\u00f0um gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ingum, enda hafi akadem\u00edan sviki\u00f0 gu\u00f0. N\u00fdlegt d\u00e6mi um sl\u00edkt er Osama Bin Laden en hann er ekki tr\u00faarlega mennta\u00f0ur heldur verkfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur.
2. Selective.<\/strong> Anna\u00f0 einkenni hreyfinganna er valkv\u00e6\u00f0ni. \u00deannig eru framfarir mikilv\u00e6gar, en ekki hvernig framfarir sem er. Innan \u00feessara hreyfinga eru oft \u00e1berandi einstaklingar sem eru vel mennta\u00f0ir \u00e1 “prakt\u00edskum svi\u00f0um”, s.s. verkfr\u00e6\u00f0i, jafnvel l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i, en hafa um lei\u00f0 sk\u00f6mm \u00e1 gagnr\u00fdnni umr\u00e6\u00f0u akadem\u00edunnar. Hreyfingarnar eru oft einnig mj\u00f6g valkv\u00e6\u00f0ar \u00e1 a\u00f0alatri\u00f0i \u00ed kenningum s\u00ednum e\u00f0a s\u00f6gu tr\u00faarh\u00f3pa. \u00deannig eru h\u00f3par gy\u00f0inga sem leitast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 skilja gy\u00f0ingd\u00f3minn \u00ed lj\u00f3si or\u00f0ana um a\u00f0 \u00feeir eigi a\u00f0 b\u00faa \u00ed fyrirheitna landinu.
3. Absolutismi.<\/strong> Hreyfingarnar gera kr\u00f6fu um a\u00f0 b\u00faa yfir sannleikanum og \u00f6llum sannleikanum. Enn \u00e1 n\u00fd felst \u00f6grun \u00ed allri gagnr\u00fdnni hugsun. \u00deannig ber a\u00f0 skilja allan texta b\u00f3kstaflega, n\u00e1lganir, metaf\u00f3rur e\u00f0a l\u00edkingam\u00e1l eru \u00f6granir vi\u00f0 kenningar h\u00f3psins. \u00dev\u00ed a\u00f0 annar sannleikur en \u00feeirra eigin hafi eitthvert raunverulegt v\u00e6gi er hafna\u00f0.
4. Tv\u00edhyggja.<\/strong> (Leslie Griffin leggur ofur\u00e1herslu \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00ed tv\u00edhyggju \u00feessara h\u00f3pa s\u00e9 \u00e1herslan oft \u00e1 fe\u00f0raveldi\u00f0.)
5. Bar\u00e1tta.<\/strong> H\u00f3parnir eiga allir sameiginlegt a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 sig \u00ed bar\u00e1ttu vi\u00f0 e-\u00f0. \u00deeir eru tilneyddir til a\u00f0 berjast gegn hinu illa. \u00cd m\u00f6rgum tilfellum er \u00fea\u00f0 tengt \u00feeirri heimss\u00fdn a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 lifum \u00e1 hinum s\u00ed\u00f0ustu t\u00edmum.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Dr. Appleby bendir \u00e1 a\u00f0 flestir \u00feessara h\u00f3pa s\u00e6ki \u00e1hangendur inn \u00ed hef\u00f0bundnar tr\u00faarhreyfingar, n\u00e1lgist f\u00f3lk sem \u00feegar hefur einhverja \u00feekkingu \u00e1 helgiritum, l\u00edti\u00f0 s\u00e9 um n\u00fdli\u00f0un, nema helst \u00far \u00feeim h\u00f3pum sem eru vegvilltir og t\u00fdndir. \u00deegar krafan um algj\u00f6ran sannleika, tv\u00edhyggja, s\u00fa “sta\u00f0reynd” a\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0ugt er reynt a\u00f0 l\u00edtill\u00e6kka tr\u00fana og hinir hinstu t\u00edmar eru n\u00e6rri kallar \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00f6fgafullar a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir. Flestir tr\u00faarlei\u00f0togar l\u00edta svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 fri\u00f0ur s\u00e9 lokatakmarki\u00f0, en me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 v\u00edsa til \u00feessara fimm grunn\u00fe\u00e1tta er \u00fev\u00ed haldi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 n\u00fa s\u00e9 einfaldlega nau\u00f0synlegt a\u00f0 berjast \u00e1 m\u00f3ti hinu illa, hvort sem \u00fea\u00f0 er me\u00f0 a\u00f0 flj\u00faga \u00e1 byggingar e\u00f0a byggja h\u00fas \u00ed landnemabygg\u00f0um \u00e1 herteknu sv\u00e6\u00f0unum \u00ed Palest\u00ednu.<\/p>\n

Samr\u00e6\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 \u00feessa h\u00f3pa \u00e1 brei\u00f0um grunni eru ekki til neins. Samr\u00e6\u00f0ur hafa \u00e1 s\u00e9r stimpil frj\u00e1lslyndis og fj\u00f6lhyggju og \u00fev\u00ed hluti af hinu illa kerfi sem barist er gegn. Hins vegar er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a saman um \u00fe\u00e6tti sem hafa ekki tr\u00faarlegt inntak og er \u00fea\u00f0 helst lei\u00f0in til a\u00f0 n\u00e1lgast sl\u00edka h\u00f3pa. Dr. Appleby bendir \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed samhengi \u00e1 mikilv\u00e6gi ranns\u00f3kna \u00e1 megininntaki tr\u00faarh\u00f3pa og hvernig h\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 greina a\u00f0al- og aukaatri\u00f0i.<\/p>\n

Heimurinn er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 ekki svona einfaldur, hreyfingarnar eru margar og sumir punktarnir h\u00e9r a\u00f0 ofan eiga vi\u00f0 t.d. um L\u00fathersku kirkjuna \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. \u00deannig benti Torfi \u00e1 h\u00e9r \u00ed umm\u00e6lum a\u00f0 tv\u00edhyggja hefur alltaf fylgt kristinni kirkju \u00ed einhverju formi.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er hins vegar margt af \u00feessu a\u00f0 l\u00e6ra. \u00deannig er mikilv\u00e6gt fyrir hreyfingu eins og KSS (Kristileg sk\u00f3lasamt\u00f6k) a\u00f0 hafa \u00ed huga a\u00f0 ja\u00f0arhreyfingar leita oft \u00ed uppsprettu \u00fear sem f\u00f3lk hefur einhverja fyrirfram tr\u00faarlega \u00feekkingu. \u00dear \u00e6ttu atbur\u00f0ir tengdir Frelsinu – kristnu samf\u00e9lagi<\/em> a\u00f0 vera forsvarsf\u00f3lki sk\u00f3lahreyfingarinnar ofarlega \u00ed huga.<\/p>\n

Eins m\u00e1 spyrja sig hvort n\u00e1in tengsl kirkju og r\u00edkis kalli ekki \u00e1 myndun \u00f6fgah\u00f3pa. \u00deannig s\u00e9 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkjan ekki v\u00f6rn gegn \u00f6fgah\u00f3pum eins og sumir halda, heldur nau\u00f0synlegur “\u00f3vinur” h\u00f3pa eins og Frelsisins, sem myndu ekki n\u00e1 a\u00f0 vaxa og dafna nema me\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0ugum tilv\u00edsunum um \u00fe\u00e1 sem reyna a\u00f0 gera l\u00edti\u00f0 \u00far vilja gu\u00f0s\/a.<\/p>\n

Ranns\u00f3knir \u00fe\u00e6r sem Dr. Appleby t\u00f3k \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed a\u00f0 ritst\u00fdra eru \u00e1hugaver\u00f0ar og hafa \u00e1 sama t\u00edma snertifl\u00f6t vi\u00f0 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0astj\u00f3rnm\u00e1l og kirkjudeildafr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Einhvern t\u00edmann v\u00e6ri gaman a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a \u00feetta allt n\u00e1nar, en l\u00edklega ver\u00f0ur \u00fea\u00f0 seint.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cd kv\u00f6ld f\u00f3r \u00e9g \u00e1 fyrirlestur \u00ed Pontificial College Josephinum. Dr. R. Scott Appleby fr\u00e1 Notre Dame University velti upp \u00fdmsum \u00fdmsum hli\u00f0um \u00e1 b\u00f3kstafs-\/\u00f6fga-\/ja\u00f0artr\u00faarhreyfingum og helstu einkennum \u00feeirra. Fyrirlesturinn var samvinnuverkefni helstu gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0isk\u00f3lanna h\u00e9r \u00ed mi\u00f0-Ohio.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"wds_primary_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[127],"class_list":["post-234","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-islenska","tag-religion"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/234","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=234"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/234\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=234"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=234"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ispeculate.net\/writings\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=234"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}